Creator's Statement

The trope of the ‘haunting melody’ recurs in film noir of the classic era (1940-1959). In classic noir, a melody may function as a leitmotif for a specific character or situation, as it does in Scarlet Street (Fritz Lang, 1945) and The Blue Gardenia (also by Lang, 1953). It may provide the clue to the solving of a murder, as it does in Nocturne (Edwin L. Marin, 1946) and Black Angel (Roy William Neill, 1946). Or it may even come to represent the oneiric qualities of the film itself, as is the case in Laura (Otto Preminger, 1944), where David Raksin’s intoxicating theme-tune becomes a haunting melody for the audience, plunging us into the content of a dream, just as the film’s detective protagonist is deliriously immersed in the mystery of the title character. Very often, the ‘haunting melody’ serves a metonymic function, one whereby a song is employed to allude to oppressive or repressed elements of a character’s past. This particular function of the ‘haunting melody’ can be found in a film such as Detour (Edgar G. Ulmer, 1945), where it is to the fore, but also in a film like Clash By Night (Lang again, 1953), where it is used fleetingly but to intense effect. The important point is to note its recurrence and the diversity with which the trope is deployed.

‘Suffering In Rhythm’ is a meditation upon this trope and the range of potential meanings and affects it is invested with, both in classic noir narratives and in ‘modern’ noir narratives which, since the 1970s, have become far more self-conscious about such tropes and conventions. Weaving together clips from relevant films, the video essay looks at the topic in relation to two different qualities of human experience which the ‘haunting melody’ tends to address in noir: the psychological on the one hand; the affective on the other. (Of course, psychology and affect are mutually informative elements of human experience, and certainly not so distinct as to prohibit the operations of one and the other at the same time.)

Significantly, the essay draws inspiration from the work of Theodor Reik and his study, The Haunting Melody. But the essay also responds to Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s ideas about the significance of the musical ‘refrain’ as a kind of affective shelter under which the shaping of identity takes place while remaining open to alteration and transformation. In effect, ‘the refrain’ constitutes an affecto-rhythmic tendency in all living things that enables us to negotiate the myriad environments, interactions, and becomings of our lived experience. As such, it is invested with a distinct potential for perseverance, transition, and affirmation. It is true that, in noir, the refrains that haunt characters tend to oppress them psychologically and to close down their potentials. However, there are also a number of noirs in which the affirmative affective potential of a musical refrain is suggested. In a film like The Man Who Wasn’t There (the Coen Brothers, 2001), for instance, though the narrative seems to conclude in a ‘negative’ or resigned fashion, the affective potential inherent in the Beethoven melodies that mark the protagonist’s mental and emotional awakening actually suggest a strange sense of affirmation nonetheless. It is as if the film’s protagonist responds to the affirmative force of melody in the same manner that Jean Paul Sartre’s existentialist icon, Roquentin, wishes to do at the end of Nausea: i.e. ‘to suffer in rhythm’: “without complacence, without self-pity, with an arid purity”. My video essay documents different inflections of such ‘suffering in rhythm’, from the melancholy and debilitating to the potentially liberating and transformative.

The audiovisual essay is a perfect medium through which to reflect upon the proliferation of ‘haunting melodies’ in film noir. In ‘Suffering In Rhythm’, I have attempted to find a balance between the poetic and the instructional elements of the form. As part of that commitment to the poetic, the essay meditates not only on the aural resonances between the films in question, but also on their graphic resonances. In noir, it is striking how frequently objects of affective exchange – ‘expressive objects’ as they are known in performance practice – are complicit in these scenes where a ‘haunting melody’ takes hold. In my essay, these expressive objects range from lockets to dog-tags, jewels to photographs, keys to perfume scents, and they can be seen to function in parallel with the melodies, becoming emblematic of the complex networks of identity, memory, and affect in which the noir protagonist is typically suffused.

In addition to trying to find graphic matches to compliment the aural matches, the practical exigencies of working with media-editing software made a new strategy apparent to me during the making of the essay. A number of my film clips were mildly impaired by flaws in sound or image quality, with the clips from Scarlet Street and Detour in particular suffering from unobtrusive but certainly noticeable noise and static. My initial instinct was to go through the extraction process once more and hope to increase the quality of these clips. However, once I began working with them, I realised that the minor crackle and noise complimented the theme of the essay itself very well, with these weatherworn clips from ‘old’ films and a nigh-on ‘residual’ medium (cinema) now coming to represent the ‘haunting’ quality of classic film noir itself. In ‘leaving in’ this crackle – which resonates well with the repeated crackling audiovisuals of the records that play in the essay – I hope to invoke something of the hauntological practices pursued by music artists such as The Caretaker and Burial, and theorised very influentially by Mark Fisher. 

The most difficult decision taken in relation to the composition of the essay was whether or not to include intertitles. (Because of the significance of audio to the project, a voiceover was never a viable option.) While I would have liked to have let the sounds and images speak solely for themselves, I opted for intertitles in the end, feeling there was a need to set a context for what the viewer was watching, and to outline the variations with which this trope of the ‘haunting melody’ has been employed. In making this decision, I realised that the text would now inevitably ‘lead’ the viewer through a certain argument, reducing more open responses to the video. However, it felt necessary to the broader project of emphasising the range and variety with which this trope continues to be deployed in noir.

Response to Peer Reviewers

I feel all of Robert Miklitsch’s observations are well-founded. The essay could perhaps benefit if it were to provide more details about the historical backgrounds of the songs and recordings themselves, as well as some reflection on issues such as the relation between sound elements, lighting, camera angle, and so on. I can only make the defence that the objective of providing a dense scholarly essay on every facet of the motif of the ‘haunting melody’ was not my ambition in this project. On this occasion, I have chosen the audiovisual essay as an ideal form in which to provide not an analysis per se but rather a philosophically inclined ‘meditation’ on this motif. My hope was that this cascade of noir images would – via the resonances between them, and the rhythm or ‘melody’ that these resonances create – come to carry their own critical momentum. In short, I conceived this project as one in which the viewer/listener could be allowed to see/hear the motif in such a way that my thoughts about it would be clear and resonant, but without my having to detail the films’ narratives or to needlessly confine the viewer’s response to the clips in question.

I would hope that the video essay as it stands does not rigidly instruct its viewers how to understand this motif of the ‘haunting melody’ in noir, but rather demonstrates the motif’s versatility. I feel like Robert’s wonderful commentary, in which he provides so many fascinating details for the songs used in the films and provides some lyrical observations of his own about the relationship between song composition and what it means to be ‘human’, may itself be the most fitting appendix to the project.

I very much value Jennifer Proctor’s feedback. In particular, I feel that she is correct that what I mean by ‘affect’ could be made clearer and that it requires greater definition. I am reluctant to do so in the video essay itself, however, as it seems to me already quite overladen with text as it is. So I will take the opportunity to explain here what I mean by ‘affect’. Needless to say, despite the great array of writing on affect over the past decade, affect itself remains – necessarily – a difficult thing to tie down. As such, Gregory J. Seigworth and Melissa Gregg have usefully suggested that affect, by definition, “arises in the midst of in-between-ness: in the capacities to act and be acted upon”.[i]In short, affect at once eclipses and implicates all human thought, emotion, and activity. We are all of us immersed at all times in this vast affective register, a dynamic field within which we each encounter, absorb, and suffer countless intensities, passages, and transformations. In relation to how affect can be understood to operate in film noir, it occurs precisely in the way that noir narrative uniquely heightens and privileges this quality of “in-between-ness”. Affect in noir is demonstrated primarily in the (dis)location of the noir protagonist in the midst of dense and myriad forces, many of which are felt rather than merely embodied or materialised in the forms of physical threats. (The threat of the femme fatale, for instance, resides not simply in the person of the femme fatale herself but in how she changes the patterns and tonalities of feeling available to the noir protagonist.) It is for this reason that qualities such as mood, sensibility, and feeling have always seemed the most appropriate to discussions of noir, as was indicated when, at the very outset of noir studies, Borde and Chaumeton drew special attention to its “oneiric, strange, erotic, ambivalent, and cruel” qualities.[ii]

In relation to Jennifer’s suggestion that a greater discussion is needed as to what distinguishes a leitmotif from a haunting melody, I feel that this also can be resolved here, albeit perhaps somewhat sketchily. A leitmotif – as it is most commonly understood – is a musical theme associated with a specific character, situation, idea, or feeling. Insomuch as it can be associated with a character, the character may not be (and most of the time is not) aware of this association. Leitmotifs are predominately associated with characters at an extra-diegetic level via the score. However, in the examples of the ‘haunting melody’ that I include in the video essay, all of the characters are aware, albeit to differing degrees, of this melody that haunts them. It is a melody that emerges within the diegesis. The melody may function like a leitmotif, as it does clearly in The Man Who Wasn’t There, but it does not necessarily function as a leitmotif. It is the fact that this melody affects the characters – and that they become aware of this melody and its significance for them – that makes it a ‘haunting melody’. For Reik, of course, a haunting melody was akin to what are today commonly called ‘earworms’ – tunes that get stuck in a person’s head. Reik believed that the rising of such tunes to the surface of consciousness at certain moments disclosed hidden meanings for the individual. In my video essay, all of the characters are struck by melodies which seem to trail them or to strike a deep chord in them. There is, however, one exception: Marlowe (Elliott Gould) in The Long Goodbye. But as Robert Altman’s film is in large part a deconstruction / parody of noir conventions, it is not Marlowe but the viewer who is expected to be haunted by the melody or, more accurately, to enjoy the irony of its trailing Marlowe everywhere he goes. 

I would like to express my gratitude to both reviewers.

Notes

Biography

I am a media scholar and journalist. I recently completed a doctorate in Film Studies at Trinity College Dublin, where I have lectured in a number of subject areas, including modules on Digital Film, Theory, and Practice, where – among other things – my students produce their own audiovisual essays. I have also taught Film and Media Studies in the National University of Ireland Galway. I am a former Visiting Research Fellowship at the Moore Institute in NUI Galway. My research interests include iconography and affect, remix culture, and intertextuality.

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